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Gamaliel the Elder (;〔 – Also ; or in Jewish usage.〕 also spelled Gamliel; Hebrew: רבן גמליאל הזקן; Greek: Γαμαλιὴλ ὁ Πρεσβύτερος) or Rabban Gamaliel I, was a leading authority in the Sanhedrin in the early 1st century CE. He was the son of Simeon ben Hillel, and grandson of the great Jewish teacher Hillel the Elder, and died twenty years before the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem (70 CE). He fathered a son, whom he called Simeon, after his father, and a daughter, who married a priest named Simon ben Nathanael.〔'''Abodah Zarah'' 3:10〕 In Christian tradition, he is said to have converted to Christianity and is venerated as a Saint along with his second son, Abibo (also Abibas, Abibus). Jewish sources do not record a conversion to Christianity. In the Christian tradition, Gamaliel is recognized as a Pharisee doctor of Jewish Law.〔(【引用サイトリンク】website= Catholic Encyclopedia )〕 The Acts of the Apostles chapter 5 speaks of Gamaliel as a man of great honor by all Jews who spoke to not condemn the apostles of Jesus in ,〔Raymond E. Brown, ''A Once-and-Coming Spirit at Pentecost'', page 35 (Liturgical Press, 1994). ISBN 0-8146-2154-6〕 to death and the Jewish law teacher of Paul the Apostle in . ''Gamaliel'' is a Hebrew name meaning ''reward of God''. == In Jewish tradition == In the Talmud, Gamaliel is described as bearing the titles Nasi and ''Rabban'' (our master), as the president of the Great Sanhedrin in Jerusalem; although some dispute this, it is not doubted that he held a senior position in the highest court in Jerusalem.〔 Gamaliel holds a reputation in the Mishnah for being one of the greatest teachers in all the annals of Judaism: :"Since Rabban Gamaliel the Elder died, there has been no more reverence for the law, and purity and piety died out at the same time".〔Sotah 15:18〕 Gamaliel's authority on questions of religious law is suggested by two Mishnaic anecdotes in which "the king and queen" ask for his advice about rituals.〔Pesahim 88:2〕 The identity of the king and queen in question is not given, but is generally thought to either be King Herod Agrippa I and his wife Cypros, or King Herod Agrippa II and his sister Berenice.〔〔Adolph Buechler, ''Das Synhedrion in Jerusalem'', p.129. Vienna, 1902.〕 As classical rabbinical literature always contrasts the school of Hillel to that of Shammai and only presents the collective opinions of each of these opposing schools of thought without mentioning the individual nuances and opinions of the rabbis within them, these texts do not portray Gamaliel as being knowledgeable about the Jewish scriptures, nor do they portray him as a teacher.〔 For this reason, Gamaliel is not listed as part of the chain of individuals who perpetuated the Mishnaic tradition.〔''Pirkei Abot'' 1-2〕 Instead the chain is listed as passing directly from Hillel to Johanan ben Zakkai. Nevertheless, the Mishnah mentions Gamaliel's authorship of a few legal ordinances on the subjects of community welfare and conjugal rights. He argued that the law should protect women during divorce, and that, for the purpose of re-marriage, a single witness was sufficient evidence for the death of a husband.〔''Yebamot'' 16:7〕 The Mishnah also contains a saying it attributes to "Gamaliel", although it is vague about which particular "Gamaliel" it means. The saying itself concerns religious scruples: :"Obtain a teacher for yourself, keep yourself (religious questions ) far from doubt, and only infrequently give a tithe using general valuation."〔''Pirkei Abot'' 1:16〕 Various pieces of classical rabbinic literature additionally mention that Gamaliel sent out three epistles, designed as notifications of new religious rulings, and which portray Gamaliel as the head of the Jewish body for religious-law.〔''Sanhedrin'' (Tosefta) 2:6〕〔''Sanhedrin'' 11b〕〔''Sanhedrin'' (Jerusalem Talmud only) 18d〕〔''Ma'aser Sheni'' (Jerusalem Talmud only) 56c〕 Two of these three were sent, respectively, to the inhabitants of Galilee and "the Darom" (southern Judea), and were on the subject of the Levite Tithe. The third epistle was sent to the Jews of the Diaspora, and argued for the introduction of an intercalary month. Since the Hillel school of thought is presented collectively, there are very few other teachings which are clearly identifiable as Gamaliel's. There is only a somewhat cryptic dictum, comparing his students to classes of fish: :A ritually impure fish: one who has memorised everything by study, but has no understanding, and is the son of poor parents :A ritually pure fish: one who has learnt and understood everything, and is the son of rich parents :A fish from the Jordan River: one who has learnt everything, but doesn't know how to respond :A fish from the Mediterranean: one who has learnt everything, and knows how to respond In some manuscripts of Dunash ibn Tamim's tenth-century Hebrew commentary on the Sefer Yetzirah, the author identifies Gamaliel with the physician Galen. He claims to have seen an Arabic medical work translated from Hebrew entitled "The Book of Gamaliel the Prince (Nasi), called Galenos among the Greeks." 〔Stephen Gero, ''Galen on the Christians: A Reappraisal of the Arabic Evidence." Orientalia Christiana Periodica 56.2 (1990): 393〕 However, since Galen lived in the second century and Gamaliel died during the mid-first century, this is unlikely. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gamaliel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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